Wireless communication unit and method for channel estimation

ABSTRACT

A method is provided for estimating at least one offset of a communication in a multicarrier communication system. The method comprises receiving a plurality of subcarriers wherein the plurality of subcarriers contain the subcarrier that is subject to the distortion; and generating a plurality of first channel estimates for a respective plurality of received subcarriers that are not subject to the distortion. The method further comprises processing a number of the plurality of first channel estimates for the respective plurality of received subcarriers that are not subject to the distortion to generate a second channel estimate for the subcarrier that is subject to the distortion; and estimating an offset associated with the subcarrier that is subject to the distortion.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This application relates to wireless communication, and moreparticularly to distortion estimation and mitigation for orthogonalfrequency division multiplexing communication.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is known that direct current (DC) offsets can be introduced by atransmitter and/or a receiver in a wireless communication system. Directconversion (zero intermediate frequency (IF)) receiver architectures forup/down conversion are particularly prone to the introduction of a DCoffset. However, as long as the corresponding transmitted basebandsignal is known to be zero-mean, an accurate estimate of the DC offsetat the receiver can be obtained by simply estimating the mean of thereceived signal.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

For multicarrier wireless communication systems that do not include anull subcarrier at DC, there is an undesirable impact on therecoverability of the received signal following an introduction orincrease of a DC offset. Firstly, the estimation of the DC offset by thereceiver cannot use the same methods as systems that have a permanentlynulled DC subcarrier, since the transmitted baseband signal does nothave a zero mean. Secondly, unless the DC offset is sufficientlysuppressed, it will introduce significant distortion to the data symbolsbeing transmitted on the DC subcarrier, resulting in a directdegradation to link and system performance.

Consequently, current techniques are suboptimal. Hence, an improvedmechanism to address the problem of DC offset estimation andcompensation therefor would be advantageous.

Accordingly, the invention seeks to mitigate, alleviate or eliminate oneor more of the abovementioned disadvantages singly or in anycombination.

According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a methodfor estimating at least one offset of a communication in a multicarriercommunication system. The method comprises receiving a plurality ofsubcarriers wherein at least one of the plurality of subcarriers containa subcarrier that is subject to the distortion; and generating aplurality of first channel estimates for a plurality of receivedsubcarriers that are not subject to the distortion. The method furthercomprises processing a number of the plurality of first channelestimates for the plurality of received subcarriers that are not subjectto the distortion to generate a second channel estimate for thesubcarrier that is subject to the distortion. The method furthercomprises estimating an offset associated with the subcarrier that issubject to the distortion. Estimation of the offset comprises: receivinga known reference signal transmitted for the subcarrier that is subjectto the distortion; multiplying the second channel estimate with theknown reference signal to produce a first value; and subtracting thefirst value from the received known reference signal to produce theestimated offset.

Thus, embodiments of the invention provide an improved mechanism forestimating offset characteristics in received signals in a multicarriercommunication unit. Furthermore, this will provide the information to beused in order to apply compensation for said offsets and thereforeresulting in improved system performance.

According to an optional feature of the invention, the method mayfurther comprise determining whether to apply offset compensation basedon the estimated offset. According to an optional feature of theinvention, the method may further comprise removing the estimated offsetfrom received data on the subcarrier that is subject to the distortion,based on determining that offset compensation is to be applied.According to an optional feature of the invention, the method mayfurther comprise removing the estimated offset from a plurality of datasymbols successively received on the subcarrier that is subject to thedistortion. Thus, embodiments of the invention may provide a removal ofoffsets in received signals in a multicarrier communication unit, whenan offset is determined. This removal of said offsets enables improveddata detection.

According to an optional feature of the invention, the estimated offsetmay be a direct current (DC) offset estimate of a direct current (DC)subcarrier that is subject to distortion. Thus, embodiments of theinvention may provide an improved mechanism for estimating DC offset inreceived signals in a multicarrier communication unit.

According to an optional feature of the invention, the processing anumber of the plurality of first channel estimates may compriseinterpolating between first channel estimates for subcarriers receivedon either side of the subcarrier that is subject to distortion. Oneoptional feature of the invention may utilise non-linear interpolation.This may offer increased accuracy of the channel estimate.

According to an optional feature of the invention, the known referencesignal may be a known pilot symbol. Reuse of a pilot symbol for thispurpose reduces overhead.

According to an optional feature of the invention, removing theestimated offset from the received data may be applied in the frequencydomain and/or time domain. For example, removing the estimated offsetfrom the received data may comprise subtracting the offset estimate,scaled according to a size of a corresponding Fast Fourier Transform(FFT), from received signal time domain samples prior to the FFT. Theapplication of DC compensation prior to the FFT calculation can enablean increase in the useful dynamic range of signals output from the FFT.

According to an optional feature of the invention, time-domain DC offsetcompensation may be performed to remove an initial estimated offsetfollowed by frequency-domain compensation being performed to remove anyresidual estimated offset.

According to an optional feature of the invention, processing a numberof the plurality of first channel estimates may comprise interpolatingbetween first channel estimates for received subcarriers other thanthose received subcarriers immediately adjacent to the subcarrier thatis subject to distortion. The choice of, and number of, subcarriers maybe determined to trade calculation complexity against accuracy of theestimate.

According to an optional feature of the invention, generation of a firstchannel estimate may comprise interpolating between channel estimatesfor received subcarriers other than those received subcarriersimmediately adjacent to the DC subcarrier.

According to an optional feature of the invention, the multicarriercommunication system may support a variable assignment of symbols tosubcarriers, such that at least one from a group of data and pilotsymbols is not always transmitted on the subcarrier that is subject todistortion.

According to an optional feature of the invention, the method may beapplied in an uplink communication channel or a downlink communicationchannel and may be employed in a single carrier frequency divisionmultiple access (SC-FDMA) system. The multicarrier communication systemmay comprise a third generation partnership project (3GPP) long termevolution (LTE) communication system.

According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided awireless communication unit that comprises logic for estimating at leastone offset in a subcarrier that is subject to distortion in amulticarrier communication system. The wireless communication unitcomprises a receiver for receiving a plurality of subcarriers whereinthe plurality of subcarriers contain the subcarrier that is subject tothe distortion and an estimation generation logic module arranged togenerate a plurality of first channel estimates for a respectiveplurality of received subcarriers that are not subject to thedistortion. The wireless communication unit further comprises aprocessing logic module arranged to process a number of the plurality offirst channel estimates for the respective plurality of receivedsubcarriers that are not subject to the distortion and to generate asecond channel estimate for the subcarrier that is subject to thedistortion. The wireless communication unit also comprises an offsetestimation logic module arranged to estimate an offset associated withthe subcarrier that is subject to the distortion by: receiving a knownreference signal transmitted for the subcarrier that is subject to thedistortion; multiplying the second channel estimate with the knownreference signal to produce a first value; and subtracting the firstvalue from the received known reference signal to produce the estimatedoffset.

According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided amulticarrier wireless communication system comprising a wirelesscommunication unit according to the second aspect of the invention.

According to a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided asemiconductor device comprising a receiving logic module arranged toreceive a plurality of subcarriers wherein the plurality of subcarrierscontain the subcarrier that is subject to the distortion and anestimation generation logic module arranged to generate a plurality offirst channel estimates for a respective plurality of receivedsubcarriers that are not subject to the distortion. The semiconductordevice further comprises a processing logic module arranged to process anumber of the plurality of first channel estimates for the respectiveplurality of received subcarriers that are not subject to the distortionand to generate a second channel estimate for the subcarrier that issubject to the distortion. The semiconductor device further comprises anoffset estimation logic module arranged to estimate an offset associatedwith the subcarrier that is subject to the distortion by: receiving aknown reference signal transmitted for the subcarrier that is subject tothe distortion; multiplying the second channel estimate with the knownreference signal to produce a first value; and subtracting the firstvalue from the received known reference signal to produce the estimatedoffset.

According to a fifth aspect of the invention, there is provided acomputer readable medium comprising executable instructions forestimating at least one offset in a subcarrier that is subject todistortion in a multicarrier communication system. The computer programproduct comprises program code for receiving a plurality of subcarrierswherein the plurality of subcarriers contain the subcarrier that issubject to the distortion; generating a plurality of first channelestimates for a respective plurality of received subcarriers that arenot subject to the distortion; and processing a number of the pluralityof first channel estimates for the respective plurality of receivedsubcarriers that are not subject to the distortion to generate a secondchannel estimate for the subcarrier that is subject to the distortion.The computer program product also comprises program code for estimatingan offset associated with the subcarrier that is subject to thedistortion by: receiving a known reference signal transmitted for thesubcarrier that is subject to the distortion; multiplying the secondchannel estimate with the known reference signal to produce a firstvalue; and subtracting the first value from the received known referencesignal to produce the estimated offset.

These and other aspects, features and advantages of the invention willbe apparent from, and elucidated with reference to, the embodimentsdescribed hereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the invention will be described, by way of example only,with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional subcarrier arrangement for a cellularOFDM communication system and a conventional multicarrier system withouta nulled DC subcarrier.

FIG. 2 illustrates a 3GPP LTE communication system adapted to implementembodiments of the invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates a wireless communication unit adapted to implementembodiments of the invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart for channel estimation incorporating DCoffset estimation and removal (compensation therefor) in accordance withembodiments of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating channel estimation and DC offsetestimation and removal according to the process of FIG. 4 in accordancewith embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates a typical computing system that may be employed toimplement processing functionality in embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The following description is presented to enable a person of ordinaryskill in the art to make and use the invention, and is provided in thecontext of particular applications and their requirements. Variousmodifications to the embodiments will be readily apparent to thoseskilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may beapplied to other embodiments and applications without departing from thespirit and scope of the invention. Moreover, in the followingdescription, numerous details are set forth for the purpose ofexplanation. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will realize thatthe invention might be practiced without the use of these specificdetails. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shownin block diagram form in order not to obscure the description of theinvention with unnecessary detail. Thus, the present invention is notintended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accordedthe widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosedherein.

While the invention has been described in terms of particularembodiments and illustrative figures, those of ordinary skill in the artwill recognize that the invention is not limited to the embodiments orfigures described. Those skilled in the art will recognize that theoperations of the various embodiments may be implemented using hardware,software, firmware, or combinations thereof, as appropriate. Forexample, some processes can be carried out using processors or otherdigital circuitry under the control of software, firmware, or hard-wiredlogic. (The term “logic” herein refers to fixed hardware, programmablelogic and/or an appropriate combination thereof, as would be recognizedby one skilled in the art to carry out the recited functions.) Softwareand firmware can be stored on computer-readable media. Some otherprocesses can be implemented using analog circuitry, as is well known toone of ordinary skill in the art. Additionally, memory or other storage,as well as communication components, may be employed in embodiments ofthe invention.

Wireless communication using radio frequencies has become increasinglywidespread in the last decade and many communication systems now competefor a limited resource. As a result, one of the most importantparameters in the standards development for wireless communicationsystems is how efficiently a particular wireless communication system isable to use the allocated frequency spectrum.

The need for an efficient use of the scarce frequency spectrum resourcehas led to the development of wireless technologies that can operatewith high levels of interference. For example, it is an importantrequirement for high capacity cellular communication systems that a highlevel of interference can be permitted. Typically these communicationsystems operate with a frequency reuse of one, which means that the samechannel bandwidth is available and is used in all sectors and cellsacross the network.

As a result, the intercell interference seen from the neighbour cellscan be very substantial at the cell overlap areas. Since the poweravailable to the transmitter is constrained, the available Carrier toInterference Ratio (C/I) and hence the data rate is also constrainedunder this condition. If the intercell interference can be removed, theeffective C/I increases and the data rate increases commensurate withthe improvement in C/I. This may provide a much higher spectralefficiency and increase the capacity of the system substantially, and itis therefore highly desirable to remove or mitigate the intercellinterference.

A communication scheme which may be used in wireless communicationsystems is the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) scheme.Furthermore, a cellular communication system may use OrthogonalFrequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) wherein users in the samecell are assigned sub-carrier groups that are simultaneously active withother user's sub-carrier groups. However, in OFDMA, transmissions withina cell may be kept orthogonal and the interference generated to users inthe same cell (intracell interference) can be effectively mitigated tothe extent that it can typically be ignored.

Multicarrier communication techniques such as OFDM divide the totalsystem bandwidth into a number of subcarriers. This is typicallyachieved by allocating symbols to subcarriers in a frequency domainrepresentation of the signal to be transmitted, and then using aninverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to generate the equivalenttime-domain baseband signal.

Channel estimation in multicarrier systems is typically facilitated bytransmission of pilot symbols, known to both the transmitter andreceiver. Some systems transmit these pilot symbols on all non-zerosubcarriers, whilst other systems are designed to only transmit pilotsymbols on a subset of subcarriers (distributed in frequency). Onceinitial channel estimates are obtained for the subcarriers on whichpilot symbols were transmitted, some systems may perform furtherprocessing on the channel estimates. This additional processing mayimprove the quality of the channel estimates and/or be used to obtainchannel estimates for subcarriers on which pilot symbols were nottransmitted.

Systems based on multicarrier modulation typically only allocate symbolsto a subset of subcarriers, with the remaining subcarriers being leftpermanently unoccupied. The arrangement of subcarriers 100 in aconventional OFDM system is shown in FIG. 1. In this arrangement anumber of subcarriers at the upper and lower edges of the frequency bandare left unoccupied 115. These unoccupied subcarriers 115 can act as aguard band between this transmission and transmission on adjacentchannels, as well as ensuring that any alias signals are sufficientlyseparated from the wanted signal to ease the filtering requirements in apractical implementation.

The subcarrier 105 corresponding to the direct current (DC) input to theIFFT is also usually left unoccupied. This ensures that the time-domainrepresentation of the baseband transmitted signal has zero mean. Sincethe baseband signal does not contain a DC component, this then makes itmuch simpler for a receiver to estimate and remove any DC offset in thereceived signal.

For multicarrier systems where the DC subcarrier has been nulled 100,this is easily achieved by taking the mean of the received time-domainsignal 110 over an integer number of OFDM symbols (after removal of thecyclic prefixes). In theory, such a system does not need to estimate andremove the DC offset since no data is transmitted on the DC subcarrier.However, in a practical system, for example, the presence of a large DCoffset would require support for a greater dynamic range in the basebandprocessing at the receiver. Furthermore, the presence of a large DCoffset may also introduce additional signal distortion when combinedwith a carrier frequency offset. Therefore it is still beneficial toestimate and remove the DC component.

It is known that not all communication systems are designed to include anull on the DC subcarrier. Examples of such systems include receivers insingle-carrier systems with frequency domain equalisation (SC-FDE) andthe single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA)technique specified for use on the uplink of the 3GPP LTE standard.These systems can have a subcarrier arrangement, where the DC subcarrieris not nulled and is used for the transmission of data.

The following description focuses on embodiments of the inventionapplicable to a UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)cellular communication system and in particular to a UMTS TerrestrialRadio Access Network (UTRAN) operating in 3rd generation partnershipproject (3GPP) system. In particular, embodiments of the inventionrelate to a system's architecture for an Evolved-UTRAN (E-UTRAN)wireless communication system, which is currently under discussion in3GPP. This is also referred to as Long Term Evolution (LTE). However, itwill be appreciated that the invention is not limited to this particularcellular communication system, but may be applied to other cellularcommunication systems.

Although embodiments of the invention are described with reference toOFDM operation in an LTE system, the inventive concepts may be appliedto any communication system that employs ‘Multicarrier symbols’ thatcomprise a block of N samples of a received time-domain waveform inputto an N-point FFT in a multicarrier receiver, and the equivalent blockof frequency-domain samples output from the FFT.

Although embodiments of the invention are described with reference to a3GPP LTE uplink implementation, the inventive concepts herein describedmay be applied to an uplink or downlink scenario. However, in thecontext of the 3GPP LTE downlink, it is clarified that embodiments ofthis invention may not be required as the LTE downlink employs aconventional OFDM transmission format incorporating a nulled DCsubcarrier.

It is known that a received OFDM signal may contain three DC components,namely:

-   (i) The DC component of the intended transmitted waveform;-   (ii) The additional and unintended DC added by the transmitter;-   (iii) The additional and unintended DC added by the receiver.

In accordance with embodiments of the invention a baseband signalprocessing technique is described for the estimation and removal of the‘unintended’ DC offsets (cases (ii) and (iii)) in a receiver when the DCcomponent of the transmitted baseband signal is non-zero.

Although the majority of the embodiments herein described relate to anestimation and removal of a DC offset impairment, the inventive conceptsmay be applied to remove any distortion that exhibits itself in asimilar manner, which may correspond to a DC offset impairment or othersuch interference from an external source.

Embodiments of the invention utilise information where an intended DCcomponent of the transmitted baseband signal is known for at least oneOFDM symbol. A typical example is where, in at least one OFDM symbol, aknown pilot symbol (e.g. for channel estimation) has been transmitted onthe DC subcarrier.

Referring now to FIG. 2, a wireless communication system 200 is shown inoutline, in accordance with embodiments of the invention. In oneexample, the wireless communication system 200 is compliant with, andcontains network elements capable of operating over, a universal mobiletelecommunication system (UMTS) air-interface.

The architecture consists of radio access network (RAN) and core network(CN) elements, with the core network 204 being coupled to externalnetworks 202 named Packet Data Networks (PDNs), such as the Internet ora corporate network. The main component of the RAN is an eNodeB (anevolved NodeB) 210, 220, which is connected to the CN 204 via S1interface and to the UEs 220 via an Uu interface. The eNodeB 210, 220controls and manages the radio resource related functions. The series ofNode Bs 210, 220 typically perform lower layer processing for thenetwork, performing such functions as Medium Access Control (MAC),formatting blocks of data for transmission and physically transmittingtransport blocks to UEs 225.

The CN 204 has three main components: serving GW 206, the PDN GW (PGW)205 and mobility management entity (MME) 208. The serving-GW 206controls the U-plane (user-plane) communication. The PDN-GW 205 controlsaccess to the appropriate external network (e.g. PDN). The MME 208controls the c-plane (control plane) communication, where the usermobility, paging initiation for idle mode UEs, bearer establishment, andQoS support for the default bearer are handled by the MME 208. UEsubscription profile and provisioning information may be stored in astatic database, such as an HSS 230 that may contain the usercredentials that are used for the UE's authentication, user class interms of tier of service and other static information.

E-UTRAN RAN is based on OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multipleaccess) in downlink (DL) and SC-FDMA (single carrier frequency divisionmultiple access) in uplink (UL). Further information of radio frameformats and physical layer configuration used in E-UTRAN can be found inTS 36.211(3GPP TS 36.211 v.8.2.0 (2008-03), ‘3GPP Technicalspecification group radio access network, physical channels andmodulation (release 8)’.

The Node-Bs 210 are connected wirelessly to the UEs 225. Each Node-Bcontains one or more transceiver units 212, 222 operably coupled torespective signal processing logic modules 214, 224. Similarly, each ofthe UEs comprise transceiver unit 227 operably coupled to signalprocessing logic module 229 (with one UE illustrated in such detail forclarity purposes only) and communicate with the Node B supportingcommunication in their respective location area. The system comprisesmany other UEs and Node-Bs, which for clarity purposes are not shown.

Referring now to FIG. 3, specific embodiments of a multicarriertransmitter and a multicarrier receiver, adapted in accordance withembodiments of the invention, are shown. The transmitter comprises adata source 302 that provides data bits to a forward error correction(FEC) encoding unit 303. Encoded bits are then passed to a symbolmapping unit 304 that maps bits to complex symbols. These symbols areinput to a multiplexer 306 that multiplexes them with pilot symbolsgenerated by a pilot symbol generation unit 305. A serial-to-parallelconversion 307 takes groups of symbols to form a multicarrier symbol andinputs these to an inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) 308. Thesignals output from the IFFT 308 are converted back to a serial sequenceof samples 309 and input to a cyclic prefix insertion function 310 thatinserts a cyclic prefix to each multicarrier symbol. The transmitwaveform is then up-converted to radio frequency (RF) signals, amplifiedand radiated from an antenna 311.

The transmitted signals propagate through the wireless channel 312between the transmit antenna 311 and the receive antenna 314. A cyclicprefix removal function 315 removes the cyclic prefix from eachmulticarrier symbol. A serial-to-parallel conversion 316 takes a groupof samples corresponding to one multicarrier symbol and inputs them to aFast Fourier Transform (FFT) 317. The outputs of the FFT are processedto produce a channel estimate for each subcarrier 318. These channelestimates are input to an equaliser 319 together with received datasymbols output from the FFT 317. Equalised symbols are converted to aserial stream 320 and input to log-likelihood ratio (LLR) generationlogic module 321, which calculates a LLR for each data bit. LLRs arethen input to an FEC decoder 322 that produces data bits for input tothe data sink 323.

In accordance with embodiments of the invention the channel estimationprocess 318 of a multicarrier receiver is modified as furtherillustrated with respect to FIG. 4.

Referring now to FIG. 4, a flowchart 400 illustrates channel estimationincorporating DC offset estimation and removal (compensation therefor).The outputs of FFT logic module, for example FFT logic module 317 ofFIG. 3, are input to a modified channel estimation function 401 that hasbeen enhanced to incorporate DC offset estimation and removalfunctionality. Channel estimates and received data symbols, from whichany DC offset has been removed, are then output from the modifiedchannel estimation logic module 401 and input to the equaliser 319.

Referring now to FIG. 5 a flowchart 500 illustrates channel estimationand DC offset estimation and removal according to the process 401 inFIG. 4.

DC Offset Estimation Procedure

First, a channel estimation process is performed on received pilotsymbols to produce a channel estimate for each subcarrier by dividingeach received pilot symbol by the known pilot symbol for thatsubcarrier, as shown in step 510. Thus, the channel estimates for allsubcarriers, except the DC subcarrier, can be output as normal for useby the equaliser, for example equaliser 319 of FIG. 3.

The channel estimates for the subcarriers adjacent to the DC subcarrierare selected and retained for further processing, as shown in step 520.An unimpaired channel estimate for the DC subcarrier is calculated instep 530 by interpolating between the channel estimates for thesubcarriers adjacent to the DC subcarrier.

An estimate of the DC offset contained in the data symbols received onthe DC subcarrier is then calculated in step 540 by multiplying theunimpaired channel estimate for the DC subcarrier by a known pilotsymbol transmitted for the DC subcarrier, and subtracting this resultfrom the received copy of that pilot symbol.

DC Offset Removal Procedure

In order to remove the DC offset from each (unequalised) data symbolreceived on the DC subcarrier, this DC offset estimate is thensubtracted 550 from all data symbols received on the DC subcarrier priorto the input of these symbols to the equaliser, for example equaliser319 of FIG. 3. The unimpaired channel estimate for the DC subcarrier isoutput from the channel estimation function for use by the equaliser.

In a mathematical notation, embodiments of the aforementioned estimationprocess may be described as follows:

Embodiments of the DC offset compensation method described herein isprovided for a system with a total of N_(FFT) subcarriers, of whichN_(sc) are allocated to data and arranged in a contiguous block. Theseembodiments include the periodic transmission of an entire pilot OFDMsymbol for the purpose of channel estimation, where the transmittedsignal on each of the N_(sc) data subcarriers is also known apriori bythe receiver.

The pilot symbols transmitted on each of the N_(sc) data subcarriers inthe pilot OFDM symbol are denoted by an N_(sc)-by-1 vector, x, and thecorresponding values received on each of the N_(sc) data subcarriers aredenoted by an N_(c)-by-1 vector, y_(pilot).

In the following we will denote element i in each of these vectors asthe subcarrier corresponding to DC, such that the received pilot symbolon the DC subcarrier is denoted as: y_(pilot)[i]. Received data symbolsare denoted as: y_(data).

One possible method to obtain the unimpaired channel estimate describedabove is to calculate:

$\begin{matrix}{\overset{\_}{h} = {0.5 \cdot \left( {\frac{y_{pilot}\left\lbrack {i - 1} \right\rbrack}{x\left\lbrack {i - 1} \right\rbrack} + \frac{y_{pilot}\left\lbrack {i + 1} \right\rbrack}{x\left\lbrack {i + 1} \right\rbrack}} \right)}} & \lbrack 1\rbrack\end{matrix}$

Given the unimpaired channel estimate for the DC subcarrier, a knownpilot symbol for the DC subcarrier, x[i], and the received copy of thispilot symbol, y_(pilot)[i], an estimate of the DC offset contained inthe data symbols received on the DC subcarrier can be calculated asfollows:

dc _(y) =y _(pilot) [i]− h·x[i]  [2]

The estimated DC offsets may therefore be removed from each receiveddata symbol on the DC subcarrier, y_(data)[i], to produce a compensateddata symbol, ŷ_(data)[i], as:

ŷ _(data) [i]y _(data) −dc _(y)   [3]

In alternative embodiments the unimpaired channel estimate may becalculated in different ways to that described above. For example, datamay be obtained from subcarriers other than those immediately adjacentto the DC subcarrier or channel estimates may be obtained from more thantwo subcarriers. The choice of and number of subcarriers may bedetermined to trade calculation complexity against accuracy of theestimate.

Further alternative embodiments may use non-linear interpolation, whichmay provide increased accuracy of the channel estimate.

In alternative embodiments the estimated value for the DC offsetcontained in received data symbols (dc_(y)) may be communicated to a DCoffset compensation logic module that operates on the time-domainreceived samples prior to the FFT calculation. In embodiments of theinvention, the time-domain DC offset compensation may be used inaddition to frequency-domain compensation, where the time-domain DCoffset compensation logic module may be used initially to remove anylarge DC offsets, with the frequency-domain DC offset compensationserving to remove any residual DC offset. The equivalent estimate of theDC offset contained in the time-domain signal input to the FFT may becalculated as:

$\begin{matrix}{{d\; c_{td}} = \frac{d\; c_{y}}{\sqrt{N_{FFT}}}} & \lbrack 4\rbrack\end{matrix}$

The value of dc_(td) may then be subtracted from each sample in thetime-domain representation of the received signal. The application of DCcompensation prior to the FFT calculation can enable an increase in theuseful dynamic range of signals output from the FFT.

In alternative embodiments the concept herein described may be includedin a system that can vary the assignment of symbols to subcarriers, suchthat data and/or pilot symbols are not always transmitted on the DCsubcarrier. In such systems the DC offset estimation and compensationscheme described above may be disabled when the DC subcarrier is notoccupied. In these embodiments, when the above DC offset scheme isdisabled, it may still be advantageous to operate a DC offset estimationand compensation process, even though no data is being communicated onthe DC subcarrier. When this occurs, any of the conventional methods forDC offset estimation for multicarrier systems with a permanently nulledDC subcarrier may be used (until the system next transmits data on theDC subcarrier).

In alternative embodiments of the invention the received data symbolsfor the DC subcarrier (after DC compensation) may be equalised using theunimpaired channel estimate for the DC subcarrier obtained for examplein step 530 of FIG. 5.

Alternatively, if the receiver implements additional processing toimprove the quality of channel estimates, the estimate obtained in step530 of FIG. 5 may be further processed (along with the channel estimatesfor the other subcarriers) before being used for equalisation. Anexample of this further processing of channel estimates would befiltering channel estimates across all active subcarriers. Inembodiments of the invention, such processing occurs after DC offsetcompensation in order to avoid the DC offset introducing distortion tothe channel estimates for subcarriers other than the DC subcarrier.

The signals referred to in the procedures described above are typicallybe complex-valued. Furthermore, for receivers that have more than oneantenna, the DC offset estimation and compensation procedures describedhere may be conducted independently of the signals from each antenna.

In embodiments of the invention the calculation/estimation of anunintended or DC offset may not necessarily result in a direct removalof the offset. For example, the calculation/estimation may fall below athreshold such that any removal of the offset may have negligibleeffect. The calculation/estimation may solely be input into a decisionprocess that decides whether or not to apply compensation. Furthermore,in embodiments of the invention there may be intermediate possibilitieswhere the estimate is input to, e.g., a tracking process that may takeregular updates of distortion estimates, but apply corrections on aslower (filtered) timescale. This may offer an advantage by allowing theoffset estimate provided to the removal step to be averaged over offsetestimates collated over an appropriate period of time.

As mentioned, the aforementioned estimation and removal of a DC offsetimpairment may be applied to remove any narrowband distortion whichexhibits itself in a similar manner. For example, if such narrowbanddistortion was frequency-aligned and contained wholly within onesubcarrier, then the techniques described here could be used withoutmodification (assuming replacement of all references to the ‘DCsubcarrier’ with ‘subcarrier subject to distortion’.

Similarly, the aforementioned estimation and removal process may be usedin a system where the carrier frequency of the transmitter is alignedwith a subcarrier at the receiver, but not with the receiver's DCsubcarrier. The DC removal process described above may therefore operateon a subcarrier other than the receiver's DC subcarrier, and inembodiments of the invention on the receiver's DC subcarrier as well.

Additionally, in an extension of the above scenario, there could bemultiple transmitters needing the above DC offset estimation and removalprocedure on multiple subcarriers, in addition to the receiver's DCsubcarrier.

Referring now to FIG. 6, a typical computing system 600 that may beemployed to implement processing functionality in embodiments of theinvention is illustrated. Computing systems of this type may be used inthe UE (which may be an integrated device, such as a mobile phone or aUSB/PCMCIA modem), or NodeB (in particular, the scheduler of the NodeB),core network elements, such as the GGSN, and RNCs, for example. Thoseskilled in the relevant art will also recognize how to implement theinvention using other computer systems or architectures. Computingsystem 600 may represent, for example, a desktop, laptop or notebookcomputer, hand-held computing device (PDA, cell phone, palmtop, etc.),mainframe, server, client, or any other type of special or generalpurpose computing device as may be desirable or appropriate for a givenapplication or environment. Computing system 600 can include one or moreprocessors, such as a processor 604. Processor 604 can be implementedusing a general or special purpose processing engine such as, forexample, a microprocessor, microcontroller or other control logicmodule. In this example, processor 604 is connected to a bus 602 orother communications medium.

Computing system 600 can also include a main memory 608, such as randomaccess memory (RAM) or other dynamic memory, for storing information andinstructions to be executed by processor 604. Main memory 608 also maybe used for storing temporary variables or other intermediateinformation during execution of instructions to be executed by processor604. Computing system 600 may likewise include a read only memory (ROM)or other static storage device coupled to bus 602 for storing staticinformation and instructions for processor 604.

The computing system 600 may also include information storage system610, which may include, for example, a media drive 612 and a removablestorage interface 620. The media drive 612 may include a drive or othermechanism to support fixed or removable storage media, such as a harddisk drive, a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, an optical diskdrive, a compact disc (CD) or digital video drive (DVD) read or writedrive (R or RW), or other removable or fixed media drive. Storage media618 may include, for example, a hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic tape,optical disk, CD or DVD, or other fixed or removable medium that is readby and written to by media drive 614. As these examples illustrate, thestorage media 618 may include a computer-readable storage medium havingstored therein particular computer software or data.

In alternative embodiments, information storage system 610 may includeother similar components for allowing computer programs or otherinstructions or data to be loaded into computing system 600. Suchcomponents may include, for example, a removable storage unit 622 and aninterface 620, such as a program cartridge and cartridge interface, aremovable memory (for example, a flash memory or other removable memorymodule) and memory slot, and other removable storage units 622 andinterfaces 620 that allow software and data to be transferred from theremovable storage unit 618 to computing system 600.

Computing system 600 can also include a communications interface 624.Communications interface 624 can be used to allow software and data tobe transferred between computing system 600 and external devices.Examples of communications interface 624 can include a modem, a networkinterface (such as an Ethernet or other NIC card), a communications port(such as for example, a universal serial bus (USB) port), a PCMCIA slotand card, etc. Software and data transferred via communicationsinterface 624 are in the form of signals which can be electronic,electromagnetic, and optical or other signals capable of being receivedby communications interface 624. These signals are provided tocommunications interface 624 via a channel 628. This channel 628 maycarry signals and may be implemented using a wireless medium, wire orcable, fiber optics, or other communications medium. Some examples of achannel include a phone line, a cellular phone link, an RF link, anetwork interface, a local or wide area network, and othercommunications channels.

In this document, the terms ‘computer program product’‘computer-readable medium’ and the like may be used generally to referto media such as, for example, memory 608, storage device 618, orstorage unit 622. These and other forms of computer-readable media maystore one or more instructions for use by processor 604, to cause theprocessor to perform specified operations. Such instructions, generallyreferred to as ‘computer program code’ (which may be grouped in the formof computer programs or other groupings), when executed, enable thecomputing system 600 to perform functions of embodiments of the presentinvention. Note that the code may directly cause the processor toperform specified operations, be compiled to do so, and/or be combinedwith other software, hardware, and/or firmware elements (e.g., librariesfor performing standard functions) to do so.

In embodiments where the elements are implemented using software, thesoftware may be stored in a computer-readable medium and loaded intocomputing system 600 using, for example, removable storage drive 614,drive 612 or communications interface 624. The control logic module (inthis example, software instructions or computer program code), whenexecuted by the processor 604, causes the processor 604 to perform thefunctions of the invention as described herein.

It will be appreciated that, for clarity purposes, the above descriptionhas described embodiments of the invention with reference to differentfunctional units and processors. However, it will be apparent that anysuitable distribution of functionality between different functionalunits, processors or domains may be used without detracting from theinvention. For example, functionality illustrated to be performed byseparate processors or controllers may be performed by the sameprocessor or controller. Hence, references to specific functional unitsare only to be seen as references to suitable means for providing thedescribed functionality, rather than indicative of a strict logical orphysical structure or organization.

Aspects of the invention may be implemented in any suitable formincluding hardware, software, firmware or any combination of these. Theinvention may optionally be implemented, at least partly, as computersoftware running on one or more data processors and/or digital signalprocessors. Thus, the elements and components of an embodiment of theinvention may be physically, functionally and logically implemented inany suitable way. Indeed, the functionality may be implemented in asingle unit, in a plurality of units or as part of other functionalunits.

Although the invention has been described in connection withembodiments, it is not intended to be limited to the specific form setforth herein. Rather, the scope of the present invention is limited onlyby the claims. Additionally, although a feature may appear to bedescribed in connection with particular embodiments, one skilled in theart would recognize that various features of the described embodimentsmay be combined in accordance with the invention.

Furthermore, although individually listed, a plurality of means,elements or method steps may be implemented by, for example, a singleunit or processor. Additionally, although individual features may beincluded in different claims, these may possibly be advantageouslycombined, and the inclusion in different claims does not imply that acombination of features is not feasible and/or advantageous. Also, theinclusion of a feature in one category of claims does not imply alimitation to this category, but rather the feature may be equallyapplicable to other claim categories, as appropriate.

Furthermore, the order of features in the claims does not imply anyspecific order in which the features must be performed and in particularthe order of individual steps in a method claim does not imply that thesteps must be performed in this order. Rather, the steps may beperformed in any suitable order. In addition, singular references do notexclude a plurality. Thus, references to ‘a’, ‘an’, ‘first’, ‘second’,etc. do not preclude a plurality.

1. A computer implemented method for estimating at least one offset of acommunication in a multicarrier communication system, the methodcomprising: receiving a plurality of subcarriers wherein at least one ofthe plurality of subcarriers contain a subcarrier that is subject to thedistortion; generating a plurality of first channel estimates for aplurality of received subcarriers that are not subject to thedistortion; processing a number of the plurality of first channelestimates for the plurality of received subcarriers that are not subjectto the distortion to generate a second channel estimate for thesubcarrier that is subject to the distortion; and estimating an offsetassociated with the subcarrier that is subject to the distortion by:receiving a known reference signal transmitted for the subcarrier thatis subject to the distortion, multiplying the second channel estimatewith the known reference signal to produce a first value, andsubtracting the first value from the received known reference signal toproduce the estimated offset.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein theestimated offset is a direct current offset estimate of a direct currentsubcarrier that is subject to distortion.
 3. The method of claim 1wherein processing a number of the plurality of first channel estimatescomprises interpolating between a plurality of first channel estimatesfor at least one subcarrier located higher than the subcarrier that issubject to distortion and for at least one subcarrier located lower thanthe subcarrier that is subject to distortion.
 4. The method according toclaim 1 wherein the known reference signal is a known pilot symbol. 5.The method according to claim 1 wherein processing a number of theplurality of first channel estimates comprises interpolating betweenfirst channel estimates for received subcarriers other than thosereceived subcarriers located immediately adjacent to the subcarrier thatis subject to distortion.
 6. The method according to claim 1 whereinprocessing a number of the plurality of first channel estimatescomprises using non-linear interpolation.
 7. The method according toclaim 1 further comprising determining whether to apply offsetcompensation based on the estimated offset.
 8. The method according toclaim 7 further comprising removing the estimated offset from receiveddata on the subcarrier that is subject to the distortion based ondetermining that offset compensation is to be applied.
 9. The methodaccording to claim 8 further comprising removing the estimated offsetfrom a plurality of data symbols successively received on the subcarrierthat is subject to the distortion.
 10. The method according to claim 9wherein removing the estimated offset is applied in the frequencydomain.
 11. The method according to claim 9 wherein removing theestimated offset is applied in the time domain.
 12. The method accordingto claim 11 wherein removing the estimated offset comprises: scaling theestimated offset according to a size of a corresponding Fast FourierTransform; and subtracting the estimated offset from a plurality ofreceived signal time domain samples prior to performing a Fast FourierTransform.
 13. The method according to claim 9 further comprising:removing an initial estimated offset in a time domain followed byperforming compensation in a frequency-domain to remove any residualtime domain estimated offset.
 14. The method according to claim 1wherein the multicarrier communication system is arranged to support avariable assignment of symbols to subcarriers, where at least one from agroup of: data, pilot symbols, is not always transmitted on thesubcarrier that is subject to distortion.
 15. The method according toclaim 1 wherein the method is applied in an uplink communicationchannel.
 16. The method according to claim 1 wherein the method isapplied in a downlink communication channel.
 17. The method according toclaim 1 wherein the multicarrier communication system employs singlecarrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA).
 18. The methodaccording to claim 1 wherein the multicarrier communication systemcomprises a third generation partnership project long term evolutioncommunication system.
 19. A wireless communication unit comprising:estimation logic operable to estimate at least one offset in asubcarrier that is subject to distortion in a multicarrier communicationsystem; receiver logic for receiving a plurality of subcarriers whereinthe plurality of subcarriers includes the subcarrier that is subject tothe distortion; estimation generation logic operable to generate aplurality of first channel estimates for a respective plurality ofreceived subcarriers that are not subject to the distortion; processinglogic operable to process a number of the plurality of first channelestimates for the respective plurality of received subcarriers that arenot subject to the distortion and to generate a second channel estimatefor the subcarrier that is subject to the distortion; and offsetestimation logic operable to estimate an offset associated with thesubcarrier that is subject to the distortion by: receiving a knownreference signal transmitted for the subcarrier that is subject to thedistortion, multiplying the second channel estimate with the knownreference signal to produce a first value, and subtracting the firstvalue from the received known reference signal to produce the estimatedoffset.
 20. A multicarrier wireless communication system comprising: acomputer memory for storing instructions; and a processor for executingthe instructions, the instructions for: estimating at least one offsetin a subcarrier that is subject to distortion in a multicarriercommunication system; receiving a plurality of subcarriers wherein theplurality of subcarriers includes the subcarrier that is subject to thedistortion; generating a plurality of first channel estimates for arespective plurality of received subcarriers that are not subject to thedistortion; processing a number of the plurality of first channelestimates for the respective plurality of received subcarriers that arenot subject to the distortion to generate a second channel estimate forthe subcarrier that is subject to the distortion; and estimating anoffset associated with the subcarrier that is subject to the distortionby: receiving a known reference signal transmitted for the subcarrierthat is subject to the distortion, multiplying the second channelestimate with the known reference signal to produce a first value, andsubtracting the first value from the received known reference signal toproduce the estimated offset.
 21. A semiconductor device comprising: areceiving logic module arranged to receive a plurality of subcarrierswherein the plurality of subcarriers contain the subcarrier that issubject to the distortion; an estimation generation logic modulearranged to generate a plurality of first channel estimates for arespective plurality of received subcarriers that are not subject to thedistortion; a processing logic module arranged to process a number ofthe plurality of first channel estimates for the respective plurality ofreceived subcarriers that are not subject to the distortion and togenerate a second channel estimate for the subcarrier that is subject tothe distortion; and an offset estimation logic module arranged toestimate an offset associated with the subcarrier that is subject to thedistortion by: receiving a known reference signal transmitted for thesubcarrier that is subject to the distortion; multiplying the secondchannel estimate with the known reference signal to produce a firstvalue; and subtracting the first value from the received known referencesignal to produce the estimated offset.
 22. A computer readable mediumcomprising executable program code for: receiving a plurality ofsubcarriers wherein the plurality of subcarriers contain the subcarrierthat is subject to the distortion; generating a plurality of firstchannel estimates for a respective plurality of received subcarriersthat are not subject to the distortion; processing a number of theplurality of first channel estimates for the respective plurality ofreceived subcarriers that are not subject to the distortion to generatea second channel estimate for the subcarrier that is subject to thedistortion; and estimating an offset associated with the subcarrier thatis subject to the distortion by: receiving a known reference signaltransmitted for the subcarrier that is subject to the distortion,multiplying the second channel estimate with the known reference signalto produce a first value, and subtracting the first value from thereceived known reference signal to produce the estimated offset.
 23. Thecomputer-readable storage element of claim 22, wherein the computerreadable storage medium comprises at least one of a hard disk, a CD-ROM,an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, a Read OnlyMemory, ROM, a Programmable Read Only Memory, PROM, an ErasableProgrammable Read Only Memory, EPROM, an Electrically ErasableProgrammable Read Only Memory, EEPROM, and a Flash memory.